Choosing Your Argumentative Essay Topics 2020

<h1>Choosing Your Argumentative Essay Topics 2020</h1><p>When contemplating composing your Argumentative Essay Topics 2020, you will in all probability have a thought of how to compose and organize your paper. You may even be sure that you have as a primary concern the sort of inquiries that you need to address and the issues or subjects that you need to cover. In any case, you will likewise need to consider your theme composing style and the tone of your paper.</p><p></p><p>Argumentative exposition points that are all around organized are simpler to peruse and comprehend. The objective for your paper is to convey data such that will be handily comprehended. You will need to ensure that the entirety of your thoughts are all around bolstered with proof as well as documentation. When you have thought of a decent framework, you can continue with finishing your point composing project.</p><p></p><p>Do not stall out in to t he composition of your theme in the event that it doesn't fall into your own individual objectives. There are things that you can incorporate to assist you with traveling through the procedure all the more without any problem. All things considered, you would prefer not to surrender too early when beginning out.</p><p></p><p>To make your undertaking simpler, you can plan some extra time and work on your task at home. By working at home, you will have the option to effectively audit your paper once you finish it. It will likewise assist you with separating enormous subject composing ventures into little lumps of time for you to concentrate on one task.</p><p></p><p>While you will be taking a shot at your paper, you may choose to do some examination to assist you with showing signs of improvement comprehension of the theme. On the off chance that you are not an exploration individual, you might need to utilize some essential web apparatu ses to discover more data. You can check the library for reference books or look for data at your nearby library. For whatever length of time that you are searching for the assets that you need, you will have the option to finish your point before you know it.</p><p></p><p>This will assist you with working with the topic that you have just picked for your subject. You will need to ensure that you are composing on your theme in a manner that is explicit to your crowd. This will make it simpler for you to have the option to introduce your thoughts in a useful way. It will likewise assist you with feeling certain about your point and the data that you are presenting.</p><p></p><p>Having a framework is a fundamental piece of any composing venture. In addition to the fact that it is useful in helping you compose your musings, however it additionally makes your paper more obvious. A few instances of layout blueprint of a book, resume, or pos tulation. Having a decent diagram will make it simpler for you to deal with the intricacy of your topic.</p><p></p><p>If you battle with sorting out your musings and thoughts, you might need to look for counsel from others to perceive what works best for them as far as association. While investigating, you will find that there are various composing instruments that will help you in making your subject look proficient. Ensure that you have a decent establishment regardless so you can work proficiently with your point and think of intriguing themes for your factious paper subjects 2020.</p>

History of Medicine Essay Topics

History of Medicine Essay TopicsIn a word, if you are interested in pursuing a doctorate in the history of medicine, history of science or health education, then you will have to write a history of medicine essay. It is an essay that asks students to take an active role in the historical development of medicine and science. This is because the history of medicine is concerned with the periods prior to the modern era of modern medicines and science. You should give specific examples and research information about the most significant advancements in this area.Since the topic is so diverse, it is necessary for you to do some serious research about the subject matter before taking the next step. The most important step is to get into a discussion with someone who has considerable knowledge about the history of medicine. This is necessary since you will be writing your essay for a history of medicine or history of science course. Even if you are only doing this for personal reasons, you must still talk to someone knowledgeable about the topic and learn from their experiences.Writing is not difficult, provided you know how to proceed. When you are starting your essay, you need to organize the information you will include in your essay. You should start with a good overview of the topic and present it in such a way that it can stand alone. After the outline of the essay is set, you can begin writing the essay. If you have to cover multiple topics, make sure you break up your essay and break down each of the separate topics as appropriate.The best way to avoid getting confused about the historical information is to take the time to write the essay based on a theme. That is, you will need to look at the major eras in the history of medicine and then discuss a particular era in relation to that theme. Themes can include the medieval era, the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, the 'Age of Enlightenment' and so on. After you have established an outline of the theme, it is time to breakdown the essays into individual essays.Once you have broken down the theme into an essay, you will need to write each of the topics separately in order to be able to break down the essays into smaller pieces. This is necessary so that each essay can stand on its own. When you make the first draft of the essay, make sure you have at least one main idea in your head. You should be able to re-use the theme for the subsequent themes as well.Once you have established an outline for each of the topics, you will need to revise and edit the essay. In general, the revision is pretty easy, but there are times when you may have to take a break and then come back later when you feel you can do better. A topic may have been covered in the outline, but you need to spend some time on the nuances of the topic. Take note of any contradictions in the theme as well as any additional knowledge that you have acquired in relation to the topic.Finally, it is important for you to provide the context for the topic and the term 'historical analysis'. This is because these concepts are vital for the essay. Although it may seem like an easy task, you should consider that different people may view the topic differently and some topics may require you to work very hard to present the proper historical analysis.Remember that studying history is not a simple task and you should take care to learn the techniques and skills needed for the historical essay. Remember, studying for history of medicine will get you a PhD in history of medicine!

Essay Topic - 4 Essay Topics To Consider

Essay Topic - 4 Essay Topics To ConsiderWhen a student completes the second year of college, it is customary for them to choose a thesis topic, and the topic is chosen based on the experience that the student has gained in their studies. However, there are some other factors that may influence the choice.If you are writing an essay on something that doesn't matter, your essay will be unsatisfactory. It is not necessary that it should be a topic on a topic that relates to your life. Students who write essays on subjects that they are not interested in may not receive satisfactory grades from their professors. The essay will not be thought provoking and the whole purpose of writing is to engage your readers.There are also essays that you might want to consider for your thesis topic. One example is a thesis that has to do with the travel industry.Traveling has become very popular in recent years. There are more people traveling to foreign lands now than ever before. You will find that t here are lots of people who travel more than once every year, so it is very likely that you can get assignments on these topics.On the other hand, if you are choosing a thesis topic that involves living abroad, it would be very difficult for you to get assignments on this topic. For instance, if you are writing a thesis about 'traveling to China', you will find that the assignment of a thesis writer in Beijing will be quite difficult.It is also important to consider whether you are passionate about a topic before you choose your topic. Sometimes, it is easy to get into a groove and write a great topic. However, there are people who feel that writing about subjects that are not their passion is boring. Students who choose topics that are boring often give up after a while.There are basic thesis topics that you can choose. Other topics are not as common but still can help you get better grades in school. For example, some students prefer a topic that involves the outdoors or culture.

Baby Bonus Scheme In Singapore Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(173) " hospitalization measures that are incurred during and instantly after gestating, we can cognize that fiscal load is an disposed account for the worsening TFR in Singapore\." Many developed states face the challenge of quickly diminishing birthrate rates. One illustration of such is Singapore. Assorted attacks have been taken to seek to change by reversal this tendency, but with limited success. We will write a custom essay sample on Baby Bonus Scheme In Singapore Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A major policy implemented in 2001 was baby bonus strategy. The chief end of this survey is to analyse the impact of babe fillip towards TFR and the position of the future coevals with respects to pamper bonus strategy. Primary and secondary informations were used to analyse the impact of the babe fillip. Secondary information was taken from the authorities records. In this survey, a study was conducted to place the position of immature coevals towards baby fillip. The sample was chosen by convenient sampling. Our findings show that from 2001 to 2010 babe fillip appeared to be less effectual because the TFR is still diminishing. However, it did assist in decelerating down the lessening. From the study consequence, we expect that baby fillip policy is improbable to hold a important impact on impacting the TFR in the hereafter. Based on our research, one possible suggestion to rectify the job of low TFR could be the authorities concentrating more on taking attention of the lodging and wellness facets of its people. 1. Introduction For the last few old ages, aging population has been one of the chief concerns faced by several developed states. British Columbia is one of the states that faced an aging population. Much research was conducted in this state to work out the job. It was revealed that the chief cause of this state of affairs is the worsening of birthrate rate over decennaries [ 1 ] . Entire Fertility Rate ( TFR ) is defined as the figure of kids an mean adult female would hold presuming that she lives her full generative life-time [ 2 ] . Considered as a developed state, Singapore has besides faced a serious job of worsening TFR. With TFR of 1.16 in 2010 [ 3 ] , Singapore is ranked hundred-and-seventieth [ 4 ] in the universe and arguably one of the lowest TFR in the universe. Singapore authorities has implemented some policies to promote Singaporeans to hold more kids, and hence increase the TFR. The latest and most comprehensive policy to this terminal is the babe fillip strategy. However, the consequence of babe fillip is problematic. A group of research workers from Melbourne Institution of Applied Economics and Social Research investigated the consequence of babe fillip towards entire birthrate rate. Based on their theoretical account, Baby Bonus exerted a little positive consequence on birthrate purpose which leaded to a positive impact on birthrate rate. The consequence seemed to be stronger for 2nd and perchance higher-order numbered kids. In add-on the consequence showed that fillip consequence is lasting [ 5 ] . However this survey could non find that the consequence would be similar in local context, Singapore. Since there is no formal research particular on look intoing TFR and pamper fillip strategy, our research will concentrate chiefly on look intoing the impacts of babe fillip towards TFR and position of our future coevals with respects to this strategy. It will develop solutions in the signifier of suggestions that will function to better the effectivity of this policy. The expected consequence for our analysis is that babe fillip is less effectual in increasing Singapore ‘s TFR. Other factors such as the psychological-thinking and societal factors which may impact TFR will non be included in our survey. To do our research clearer and all-rounded, we introduce a subdivision under Singapore demographic form which describes about the worsening tendency of TFR from 1990 to 2000 and reappraisal of the factors impacting the TFR. The treatment of this paper will be separated into two chief parts, which is the method subdivision and consequence and treatment subdivision. The first portion will concentrate on explicating our study method and stuffs that we obtained from authorities records. Under the consequence subdivision, we will discourse our informations analysis utilizing, primary and secondary informations. The treatment focuses on effectivity of baby fillip policy in Singapore. Finally in the decision subdivision we will besides specify the background for future research to deduce better methods to cover with birthrate. 1.1 Singapore Demographic Pattern The new way of policy since the 1990 ‘s is in stressing the importance of get downing a household and holding multiple kids to a successful and all-around life. New subsidy policies was implemented such as babe fillip strategy that was implemented in 2001. The effectivity of these new subsidy policies seemed less effectual. The TFR has continued to steadily worsen throughout the late ninetiess and early 2000s, despite these new policies. It has fallen by 0.43 from 1990 – 2000. This has rise concerns to the authorities as it might non be able to replace the current work force which leads to the alteration of subsidy policies in 2004. It still unclear that the new sweetenings implemented in 2004 will hold positive effects on TFR in future, the initial marks are non peculiarly positive. 1.1A. Education derived function and alterations in political orientation Education gives one a strong head of their ain in prosecuting their dreams that can include a stable and esteemed calling and buying epicurean goods. In other words, a twenty-four hours of 24 hours will be used to prosecute their dreams, go forthing minimum clip for household planning and childbirth. Puting high value on work by both females and males are increasing the chance cost of holding kids. All these can explicate the falling tendency in TFR as noticed from above. 1.1B. Fiscal grounds childcare.JPG The mean net incomes of an employee are about S $ 4000 per month in 2010 [ 6 ] . Even as this figure has about doubled itself since a decennary ago, the lifting costs of life and holding babes are discouraging newly-weds from childbearing. If we were to take merely 2 most basic disbursals viz. child caring fees and hospitalization measures that are incurred during and instantly after gestating, we can cognize that fiscal load is an disposed account for the worsening TFR in Singapore. You read "Baby Bonus Scheme In Singapore Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" As shown, child care services are priced at S $ 776 and S $ 572 for mean full twenty-four hours and half twenty-four hours fees severally in 2010. From administrative informations, hospitalization fee for female parents after bringing in an mean ward of B2 fluctuates between S $ 1000 and S $ 1200 [ 7 ] . The entire charge for these 2 constituents of expected disbursals can amount to S $ 2000, which is alre ady half of the wage of an mean worker in Singapore.A Such high degree of disbursement on one kid can so deter a important figure of newly-weds in holding kids, and our analysis is non even taking into history the changeless economy of financess for advanced acquisition and schooling in Singapore every bit good as day-to-day disbursals on nutrient and vesture for the kid. Clearly, childbearing is non an easy undertaking as it takes old ages of support from the point of gestating till the point of independency. Fiscal restraint can therefore be another ground and possibly one of the more of import grounds as to why there is falling TFR observed in Singapore. 2. Method The mark of our study was NTU undergraduates aged from 19 to 26 and selected by convenience trying method. We restrict our sample on lone Singaporeans and Singaporean PRs because babe fillip strategy is more eligible to Singaporeans. The targeted size was 100 participants, 50 males and 50 females. The intent of carry oning the study is to happen out the position of our future coevals with respects to this strategy and to happen the estimated entire birthrate rate in the hereafter. A pilot study was done preliminarily on the 50 respondents with our drafted sample study. We received feedback that our inquiries were insistent and ill-defined. Leading inquiries were besides heedlessly included. Some of the open-ended inquiries were left space, demoing that the inquiries discouraged participants to reply wholly. Consequences shown from this pilot study were inconsistent and hard to analyze accurately. To better on our research work, we conducted another study with freshly phrased inquiries which is simpler and more straightforward. At the start, we had inquiries aiming the figure of kids our respondents are be aftering to hold. The consequences here gave us a unsmooth thought of the TFR Singapore was to hold with its current subsidy policies in topographic point. Subsequently, we required respondents to rank the factors that are considered when they decide on the figure of kids they were to hold. The most highly-ranked factors can help Singapore in planing or revising constabularies for greater impact on Singapore ‘s TFR. Next, we had inquiries taking at proving the participants whether babe fillip had a say in their household planning. This was to find the comparative importance of babe fillip strategy. Relatively high importance placed by Singaporeans will let greater infinite for control over the population size. We besides suggested a superior system for Singapore ‘s authorities inducement strategy to happen out about the policy that authorities should concentrate on. Last, we welcomed suggestio ns from respondents to give them an avenue for showcasing their point of views sing the subsidy policies in inquiry. 3. Result and Discussion The Baby Bonus Scheme is a two-tiered strategy, comprising of a direct hard currency gift from the authorities and a co-saving agreement in which the authorities lucifers dollar for dollar the sum parents put into a Child Development Account ( CDA ) , capable to a maximal sum. ( NEED CITATION ) babe bonusTable 3.1 It is observed that holding a 2nd or 3rd kid can convey important pecuniary benefits for the parents from 2001. The Baby Bonus Scheme did assist to settle the concerns of twosomes who find the fiscal load of raising a kid excessively heavy to bear. Monetary wagess given out to parents can be used to subsidise the kid ‘s early old ages of instruction and medical demands. Figure 3.2 From figure above, we noticed that between 1997 and 1998, TFR dropped significantly by 0.15, compared to a twelvemonth before where the lessening was 0.06 from 1996-1997. A possible account is that Asiatic fiscal crisis had taken topographic point during the twelvemonth 1998 and this might back up the observation that fiscal factors are impacting the determination of twosomes to hold kids. The authorities may hold therefore decided to undertake the low TFR job from the fiscal facet by implementing of babe fillip in 2001. In this subdivision, the effectivity of baby fillip policy will be analysed from 2 pieces of informations, viz. primary and secondary informations. 3A. Secondary informations Figure 3.2 shows that after execution of the babe fillip policy, the TFR from 2001-2004 dropped by 0.15. In the span of 4 old ages ( 1997-2000 ) we observed that TFR had dropped by 0.20. Comparing these two Numberss, TFR still falls, but it is falling at a diminishing rate, this suggests that babe fillip is so effectual to a certain extent. There is a alteration of policy in 2004 because the declared end of returning birthrate to replacing has non been achieved. Under the new enhanced strategy ( refer to postpone 3.1 ) , the hard currency gift that parents receive from the authorities was increased for the first through 4th born kid, as was the cap of authorities part to the CDA. The first born kid nevertheless received no benefits under the co-saving strategy. Under the 2004 strategy hard currency gifts were disbursed Oklahoman, within the first 18 months, alternatively of the original 6 old ages when it was implemented in 2001. From 2004-2008, there was an overall addition of TFR by 0.02, there is a definite possibility that the alteration of babe fillip strategy was effectual. Further sweetening of the babe fillip was done in 2008. However looking at the TFR tendency, it shows a autumn of TFR by 0.06 from 2008-2009. Effectiveness of babe fillip is so problematic. However, in 2008, post-mortgage subprime crisis took topographic point in United States of America might hold affected the determination of people to give birth as there was rampant retrenchment. There is besides the issue of a possible important clip slowdown before the full consequence of the policy is revealed in alterations in birthrate rates of the population. In general, the execution of babe fillip is good in assisting to decelerate down the lessening in TFR but it was non able to change by reversal the tendency. Possibly pecuniary inducements entirely can non carry persons to alter their birthrate behavior. 3B. Primary informations The consequences attained from our study was brooding of the younger coevals which would be more appropriate since the younger coevals would be more affected by the authorities policies and babe fillip strategy in clip to come. Entire Fertility Rate Figure 3.3 In figure 3.3 the highest figure of kids stated in our study is 5. This figure shows that 56 % our participants program to hold 2 kids, 20 % of them choose 3 kids. The per centum of people non be aftering to hold any kids is 10 % . This shows that the bulk of the respondents are willing to hold kids. TFR Gender Female Male Both female and male Average or average 1.76 2.3 2.03 Discrepancy 0.75755 0.98979 0.93848 Standard Error ( Deviation ) 0.87037 0.99488 0.96875 Table 3.4 To specify the entire birthrate rate more accurately, we will look into the different expected TFR for both genders. Our findings show that if male was the determination shaper, the TFR will be 2.3 and if it was female, the expected TFR is 1.76. We besides compute the discrepancy to see how much these values deviate from the mean. We noticed that the discrepancy was considered as broad, with 0.757551 for female and 0.98980 for male. We will use the interval appraisal method to acquire an accurate scope for the expected entire birthrate rate. We used 95 % assurance degree as our base. 95 % assurance interval means that 95 % in chance that the true value of this TFR is inside this estimated interval. We defined the interval as [ X-tn-1 ( I ± /2 ) * I?/a?sn, X+ tn-1 ( I ± /2 ) * I?/a?sn ] where N is the sample size, X represents the norm, I? is defined as standard mistake, and value of tn-1 ( I ± /2 ) is taken from the tabular array of t distribution. 1-I ± is set to be 0.95 ( assurance interval ) , therefore when n=50, t49 ( I ± /2 ) = 2.01 and when n=100, t99 ( I ± /2 ) = 1.984 for given I ± . The estimated interval of TFR when male was the determination shaper is 2.01720 a†°Ã‚ ¤ TFR a†°Ã‚ ¤ 2.58280 While the estimated interval of TFR when female was the determination shaper is 1.51259 a†°Ã‚ ¤ TFR a†°Ã‚ ¤ 2.00741 As the optimum TFR of the authorities is [ 8 ] , this can be seen that if female was the determination shaper, the TFR is below 2. However, in doing determination of holding kids, it is non up to one person merely but a joint determination by both male and female. Therefore, it will be more appropriate if we consider the norm TFR as our expected TFR in the hereafter. The expected TFR in the hereafter is between 1.83780 and 2.22220 utilizing the interval appraisal method. Ranking of factors Figure 3.5 The above information shows the figure of participants that gives the Rank â€Å" 1 † for the factor that they consider as the most of import. Consequences revealed that 58 out of 100 respondents chose fiscal factors, followed by calling with 19 out of 100 participants. This consequence supports our outlook that fiscal is the most influential factor with respects to be aftering for kids, therefore our research will be valuable in helping to better the entire birthrate rate. Baby bonus strategy Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.6 shows that 90 % of the respondents know the babe fillip strategy and looking at figure 3.7, 50 % of their determination to hold kids is affected by the babe fillip strategy. This suggests that the people are cognizant of the babe fillip strategy. 50 % of the participant ‘s determination is affected by the babe fillip strategy. At first glimpse, this might propose that babe fillip is less effectual. Measuring it more carefully, without the strategy, the TFR that we calculated above has high likeliness that it is traveling to be lower. This is because half of the participants might make up one’s mind to take down their figure of kids planned if babe fillip strategy has non been implemented. Hence, the effectivity of babe fillip could be subjective. Figure 4.8 I prefer non to hold any kids Childbearing and/or child-raising is are clip devouring I want to concentrate on my calling The subsidy is deficient Other personal grounds For the participants that find baby fillip is non impacting their determination, the bulk chose â€Å" vitamin D † as the ground for it. 24 out of 50 people chose the babe fillip subsidy is deficient. This shows that they are non satisfied with the current strategy. It is likely that if betterment were to be done to the babe fillip strategy, there is a high possibility that this strategy will be more important to increase the TFR. This is besides supported by the observation that babe fillip alteration in 2004 was effectual, as TFR increased by 0.02. Figure 3.9 The above information shows the figure of participants that gives the Rank â€Å" 1 ‘ for the authorities subsidy policy that they consider as the most of import. We can detect from the tabular array that there is important figure of participants that prioritise health care, instruction and lodging loan with 27 % , 26 % and 25 % giving it the value â€Å" 1 † . Merely, 9 % of the participants choose baby fillip policy as most of import, this shows that authorities should non concentrate their alteration of policies merely on babe fillip. The information suggested that there is an emerging tendency that people are more disquieted about their kid wellness attention, instruction and lodging affairs. Hence it is advisable that the authorities expression into this three subsidy policies in greater deepness to increase the entire birthrate of Singapore. Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11 If we separate our treatment into different genders, the impact of babe fillip strategy is greater on the males. Refered to calculate 3.10 and 3.11, 60 % of the males determination are affected by the strategy, while for the female merely 40 % is affected. Baby bonus strategy plays a larger function in act uponing the work forces ‘s determination. Uniting the findings, the expected TFR computed for female is lower than the optimum TFR. From the estimated interval calculated above, the TFR for female is below the optimum figure of 2, so this means we should aim the female group and seek to increase the figure of kids they would be after to hold to increase the TFR. As shown from the figure 3.5 above, the females considered fiscal factor as their precedence with 32 out of 50 female participants ranking it as figure 1. With this, focal point still should be given to fiscal factors, such as increasing subsidy or supplying pecuniary benefits to increase the willingness of adult females to hold more kids. However, 40 % of the female ‘s determination is affected by the babe fillip. We can deduce from this that, increasing the subsidy for babe fillip might be less effectual. As shown from the figure 3.9, greater focal point should be placed on other subsidy benefits such as health care subsidy, instruction and lodging loan. 4. Decision This undertaking studied the impact of Singapore ‘s baby fillip policy on its entire birthrate rate. Based on our research findings, we conclude that this policy is non really effectual. From 2001 when it was foremost implemented to 2010, the TFR in Singapore has been worsening. However, credits have to be given to this policy as the worsening tendency is noted to be so at a diminishing rate. It is of import to observe that there are many other factors doing low TFR in Singapore. Some of it could be psychological thought, alterations in political orientation and instruction derived functions. One possible restriction of our undertaking could be found in our study sample. Due to the fact that the study is conducted within school compounds, we treated all Singaporean respondents as a homogeneous group of highly-educated forces. This is non representative for the whole of Singapore population. This determination is of considerable importance since it suggests that though the fisca l facet is so of import in one ‘s determination in household planning, baby fillip policy is less effectual in undertaking the job of falling TFR. We would urge future research to be conducted on a more heterogenous study sample so that Singaporeans of all backgrounds can be reached. How to cite Baby Bonus Scheme In Singapore Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Basic Principles Of Writing Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Basic Principles Of Writing Essay, Research Paper BASIC PRINCIPLES OF Writing The basic prinicples of composing are to relay ideas, sentiments and looks on paper. The art of authorship has been noted to arise in Mesopotamia. Cave inhabitants of the ancient civilisation carved images and symbols on sticks and caves as a agency to communicated with other folks and small towns. Even though the exact day of the month can non be determined as to when the are of authorship was invented, it was discovered that authorship was developed during the Paleolithic period, about 20,000 b.c. Harmonizing to Egyptian fable, work forces foremost learned how to compose from the great God Thoth. Thoth had the caput of a long billed bird called Ibis. The narrative goes that by rubing his measure in the sand, Thoth showed people how to do the marks with which to enter their ideas. There are many maps that composing can function ; authorship is the chief communicating factor in research, faith, and in maintaining a personal diary. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Principles Of Writing Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Employees use composing to maintain employers abreast of current issues that may impact work dealingss or client service. Without tricky words and speedy phrases that entails selling, companies would non bask the outstanding affects of increased gross revenues and bottom line per centums. The flow of company communications are through letters, memos and electronic mails. Writing as it relates to research is highly cardinal. Historic events and people were documented in assorted studies and books. Students today would non be able to hold on the torture and struggles that Holocaust victims had to digest while life in Concentration cantonments such as: Dachau, Aushwitz and Buchemwald. The barbarous # 8220 ; Middle Passage† of Amistad ; the battle for African-Americans to gain equal rights such as the right to vote would merely be a whispered rumour if it were non for elaborate periodicals, newspapers and history books. Writing besides fosters the ability to analyze and pattern faith. A individual from any denomination can larn the basic guidelines of populating a morally right life style as it straight relates to their faith. Writing was the centre from which faith was learned to all work forces. The builders and keepers of temple observatories had to enter the motion of the celestial spheres to foretell the beat of seasons, birth, life and decease. Writing in a personal diary is cardinal to regenerating the head and spirit. Consistent and continual diary authorship will non merely better your manner of authorship, it will take a individual on the way of reliable idiom and enabling them to associate thoughts more clearly. Recording personal ideas and events can hold honoring effects such as tracking personal growing. Writing is cardinal in the procedure of personal alteration, it has the possible to determine thoughts, attitudes, personalities and ways of thought. Once the point of the writer is understood, the message can hold a profound impact on a individual # 8217 ; s manner of life. An full life span can be restructured for positive alterations with the gift of composing. A author can act upon a reader generations off. Without authorship, modern civilisation as we know it could non be. Writing gives permanency to work forces cognition and enables them to pass on. It is a necessary status of continual growing for modern twenty-four hours civilisation. The complex society of a higher civilisation would be impossible without the art of authorship.

Weight Problems Regerian Essay Example

Weight Problems Regerian Essay Professor Markus Zindelo English 1213-048 May 17 2013 Weight Problems In society today, childhood obesity is becoming a growing and alarming concern. This trend is reflected in the poem Fat Children, by Natalie Day. This is a poem about how hard a mother found it to stop feeding the hungry mouths of her children. A thoughtful analysis of this poem reveals a theme about unethically advocating being overweight. This is easily discernible in the sentence, Even when they smelled of vomit / and diarrhea, I kept feeding them (Day lines 11-12). Reading on, this theme evelops even further in the sentence, l kept baking cakes and frying sausages, / even when repulsed (Day 12-13). While this is a very widely known subject, unbeknownst to some is that this very topic is being frantically debated as applicable to the modern automobile. On one side of the argument, there are those who say the modern automobile should be a strictly economic and lightweight machine. On the other side are those who say the modern automobile should not be a strictly economic and lightweight machine. However, despite each sides argument, a ompromise must commence for the sake of all automotive consumers. Those who claim the modern automobile should be a strictly economic and lightweight machine exclaim so primarily due to the excessive costs involved with moving the extra weight. Number one of all is the increased fuel consumption from carrying extra weight. This can result in a degradation of up to around seven percent in fuel economy per ten percent increase of vehicle mass (Bjelkengren 81). Additionally, this effect is amplified depending on the aggressiveness of a persons driving style (Gas Mileage). We will write a custom essay sample on Weight Problems Regerian specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Weight Problems Regerian specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Weight Problems Regerian specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This argument is also extended to the extra wear and tear of parts on the vehicle. The most notable of these parts are the tires and brakes. The more a vehicle weighs, the more debris wears away from the tires and brakes (Environmental). It can cost several hundred dollars to replace all four tires and a couple hundred more to replace the brakes, as well. Lastly, while there are many extras that a consumer may choose from, modern vehicles have increasingly more standard features ranging from things as innocent as a radio that will connect to a smart phone, to adding rear DVD players, to large wheels (Archer). This ultimately pushes up the price of the automobile for the consumer, even if the extras are unwanted. In addition, the side for more economical and lightweight vehicles argues the positive environmental aspect of having less vehicle weight. Some of these reasons follow closely with cost, interestingly enough. For example, the increased consumption of fuel deposits more chemicals into the atmosphere. Vehicle fuel consumption accounts for two-thirds of the USs carbon monoxide emissions as well as large numbers of other harmful gasses (Protect). Similarly, the excess weight yproduct of increased brake and tire wear contribute to an increased environmental impact by releasing particles that have been shown to cause toxicity in soil and generated from manufacturing, extraction, and end-of-life efforts and cause an amplification of environmental impact, as well. Furthermore, the side advocating modern economic and lightweight vehicles debates the effects of a vehicles mass on its performance. An Increase of vehicle weight can actually degrade overall vehicle performance in a negative way (Bjelkengren 24). Within this discussion, they are specifically concerned with the egradation of acceleration performance. This concern is confirmed by the results, which have shown that overall vehicle mass reduction greatly effects acceleration performance. An examination of one study reveals that gains in acceleration can often be seen at rates equal to or higher than the percentage of mass taken away, to a certain degree. An example would be a ten percent or higher increase in acceleration for a ten percent decrease in mass (Bjelkengren 82). With such a direct impact on acceleration and overall vehicle performance, it is easy to see why they laim the modern car should be lightweight. Alternatively, the side of the debate disputes that the advancement of technology mostly balances itself out on the issue. The first area in which it balances out is the effect of new technology on fuel economy. While modern vehicles do indeed have new technologies that could add weight, advancements have been made to counteract this. The average engine has become more fuel efficient and subsequently has more power per liter of displacement than they have had in the past (Energy). Equally, transmissions have become more efficient as well, thus elping to equalize the fuel economy impact even more (Energy). Ultimately, while this side is concerned about fuel economy, they feel in the end it is not affected by the extras in question. Likewise, this side feels that there is not an extra cost going into the added extravagancies. As with much technology over time, many of such extravagancies have become cheaper. A good example is the price of LCD televisions, which dropped between sixty and eighty percent over the course of thirteen quarters from 2006 2009 (Conlon). This theory is also supported when comparing prices of comparably quipped models from 15 years ago and today. Note that the 1998 Toyota Avalon XLE V6 was introduced at $28,288 and the comparable 2013 Toyota Camry SE V6 was introduced at $27,260 (Compare). That modern Camry not only has more features, more power, and extremely comparable fuel economy (Compare), but even costs around $13,700 less after accounting for inflation (Inflation). Therefore, it is clear to see that modernly utilized technology is not actually costing the consumer any more than vehicles from yesteryear. While both sides seem to be at opposite ends of the spectrum on this matter, they ctually share a common interest. The similar interest in this debate is excessive fuel consumption. Those who proclaim the modern automobile should be a strictly economic and lightweight machine care about not consuming excessive amounts of fuel by doing away with unneeded and heavy extras. They also dont want a higher impact on the environment from increased fuel consumption. Likewise, those who proclaim the modern automobile should not be a strictly economic and lightweight machine care about preserving the fuel economy as set by their previous cars. They welcome the addition of new technology. In the end, although both sides care about and measure excessive fuel consumption differently, they care about it equally. Since both sides agree to an aversion of excessive fuel consumption, a great compromise would simply be to use lighter wheel and tire setup. A trend has been continuing where vehicles are being equipped with increasingly larger wheels and tires (Paula). This added rotational mass has very serious adverse effects to fuel economy, as tested by Car and Driver. They logged that the difference in weight was only fourteen pounds per corner between the smallest and largest wheel and tire combos tested. Astoundingly, they experienced a ten percent drop in fuel economy with such a small difference. Moreover, the same study states a four percent increase of acceleration performance resulted between the use of the largest and smallest wheel and tire combos (Quiroga). This would benefit those with weight concerns of the modern vehicle by dropping the total vehicle weight by fifty pounds or more, depending on the wheel and tire materials used. Similarly, they would benefit from the increase of acceleration. Lastly and most importantly, since their number one concern is fuel consumption, this would make them happy to be saving a very ignificant ten percent of consumption. Finally, in regard to those who do not do not think the modern automobile should be a strictly economic and lightweight machine, this is a win for them, as well. This way, they would not have to give up any heavy creature comforts in order to preserve fuel consumption. In fact, due to the significant drop in fuel consumption, they could even opt for more gadgets and luxuries and still have better fuel economy than they did previously. This solution of compromise could work well for both parties involved, but they must meet in the middle. Not only that, but they must voice their opinions to the automotive manufacturers to be heard. If they are not heard, then neither they, nor anyone else will reap the beneficial compromise that could be had here. May the power be within their hands to go forth, do a good thing, and set the example for the benefit of automotive consumers everywhere. Works Cited Archer, Jeffery. 8 New Cars with Surprising Standard Features. AutoTrader. com. TPI Holdings, Inc. , 2013. Web. 15 May 2013. Bjelkengren, Catarina. The Impact of Mass Decompounding on Assessing the Value of Vehicle Lightweighting. MIT. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2008. Web. 16 May 2013. Compare Summary Autos. MSN Autos. Microsoft, 2013. Web. 15 May 2013. Conlon, Christopher T. A Dynamic Model of Prices and Margins in the LCD TV Industry. Columbia University. Columbia University WAC, 02 Nov. 2012. Web. 15 May 2013. Day, Natalie. Fat Children. Indiana Review Issue: 31. 1 (2009): 115. Literary Reference Center. Web. 15 May 2013 Energy Efficient Technologies. FuelEconomy. gov. U. S. Department of Energy, n. d. Web. 15 May 2013. Environmental Impacts from Automobiles. US EPA. US Environmental Protection Agency, n. d. Web. 15 May 2013. Gas Mileage Tips Driving More Efficiently. FuelEconomy. gov. US Department of Energy, n. d. Web. 15 May 2013. Inflation Calculator. U. S. Department of Labor. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. Paula, Matthew De. Design Disasters: Three Ways Cars Are Getting Worse. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 27 Apr. 2011. Web. 15 May 2013. Protect the Environment On the Road. EPA. Effects of Upsized Wheels and Tires Tested. Car and Driver. Hearst Communications, Inc. , Apr. 2010. Web. 15 May 2013.

Nokia and the RFID student attendance monitoring system The WritePass Journal

Nokia and the RFID student attendance monitoring system Abstract: Nokia and the RFID student attendance monitoring system Abstract:Introduction:Aim: Deliverables: Research question(s): Problem StatementScope:Summary:Resources required:Literature Review:Smart Card Technology:RFID technology background:RFID Reader RFID tags:RFID Frequencies:Elements of an RFID System: Technical capabilities of Mobile interaction with NFC:NFC detection:Share to device:Service tags:Share or read service tags:Bluetooth:Numeric Comparison Method: Just Works Method:Out of Band Method:Passkey Entry Method:Contactless communication API:  Ã‚   DesignDescription:References:Related Abstract: RFID student attendance monitoring system is a system that will take students attendance by using RFID technology. This system mainly comprises of Nokia 6212 NFC mobile which is used as RFID reader, RFID tags which are embedded to the students ID cards and Server machine which is likely computer. This system records student’s attendance to an attendance database server. The system is included with other additional system module for students and lecturers. The information in the attendance database is used by the university administration to better manage the class room statistics, warning for unattended students via letters or e-mails, reminder for students, report for parents and students can also track their performance. RFID student attendance monitoring system is developed using java programming language. The database support for this software is oracle 10g. In order to have complete system functionality, the software application is needed to be integrated with the RFID te chnology. The software application on the computer is needed with the attendance details which would come from the RFID reader in to order to take attendance and persist in the database. The software application on the computer is deployed in Apache Tomcat 6.0 server and can be viewed by the user by using any internet browsers such as Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome. Introduction: The research is proposed to investigate the requirements of automatic students’ attendance monitoring system. The requirements which has been identified and modelled are represented in the form of structure for students’ attendance system. In order to obtain requirements, some of the methods have been applied such as observation and literature research related to current RFID monitoring systems. We have an existing system like taking attendance manually. For example professors take attendance of their students by taking signatures on an attendance sheet. The main problem with this system is that students will sign occasionally for their friends who are not present to the class. The purpose of this project is to automate tracking of the presence of students in the class room, with the intention of bringing transparency and reducing number of errors that usually happen in such tasks. The another problem is counting each student attendance for the total semester will be difficult if the professor got 100 or more students which leads to time consuming and error prone. In order to make taking attendance simpler I got a thought to make this application automatic with the existing identification technologies like automated finger print identification system, barcode system and radio frequency identification system. In my project I am using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology for security and attendance purposes. Identification means the ability to find, retrieve, report, change or delete specific data without having any doubt. These problems can be eliminated by using RFID technology. The main advantage of RFID based student attendance monitoring system is, 1. It saves time for taking attendance during the class. 2. More authentic attendance system 3. Reduces paper based system 4. It provides interaction between student, course leaders and lecturers. Student attendance monitoring system is an exclusive software solution. It can be integrated with RFID technology. In order to implement this project we require RFID reader, RFID tags and web interface. The card reader should positively identify student’s ID cards and provide consistent class attendance logs for the benefit of students, lecturers and university. The attendance logs must be stored in the central database in order to generate reports. The device must capable to communicate with the central database server. Professors should be able to view attendance and be capable to add information to the system. 1. This application tracks each student’s classroom attendance for any number of students. 2. It provides a software set up to monitor information about scanned cards against a database and provides detailed statistics to the lecturer’s about the students. The software set up must include adequate administration capabilities. 3. Provide a wireless interface between the reader and database server. 4. It also provides facility to the course leaders, professors to monitor student attendance at regular intervals. 5. It monitors the attendance of students for each course. Radio frequency identification (RFID) consists of a transmitter chip/IC and a receiving antenna. Each chip has a unique identification number generally referred to as a RFID Tag, which is attached to the object that we want to discover. Now the RFID tags are detected and identified using an antenna or a scanning device known as transceiver, which with the help of radio signals identifies the tag, the object. In this project, the RFID tags will be associated, to the students (by attaching the RFIDs to student’s university cards) and the transceivers will be placed on the entry points of the classrooms. Software at the back end will keep and manage the records, relating to the student’s entry to the classroom. All the use-cases will be accomplished using software having application and databases layers. Concepts of Object orientation will be followed in the design of the system. Aim: This research is aimed to develop a student attendance monitoring system using RFID technology. Objectives: The main objective of the project is to automate the student attendance recording system using RFID technology. To study on data transfer between RFID system and Graphical user interface (GUI). The application should be able to display the student attendance percentage in each of the modules and the overall semester attendance. The application should be capable to generate attendance reports for the authorized party which we would be helpful for university administration to have better database record. To test the application using testing techniques. Deliverables: 1. A review of RFID readers and methods for programming them including a demonstration application running on the Nokia 6212 that can read the unique information from an RFID label. 2. A Nokia 6212 application for tutors to take to classes to capture students id data from RFID labels. 3. A review of techniques for communicating between mobile phones and PCs accompanied by a demonstration application for transferring id card data from a Nokia 6212 to a PC. 4. A PC application for downloading and collating register data from a Nokia 6212 and storing it in a central database. 5. An application for generating reports for personal tutors and admin staff. Research question(s): How RFID Technology used for monitoring student attendance? What are the best techniques for storing and processing the data? What are the techniques and technologies for getting data from the phone to PC? Problem Statement According to Wang. (2005), Automatic student attendance using RFID technology comprises of multiple devices work together. The devices include RFID reader, RFID tag, system interfaces and databases. This system needs a good system design to make sure that the devices can capture accurate data and can interact with the information system accurately and efficiently. In order to obtain good system design, developers should have clear idea, knowledge and able to understand the requirements and convert them in to useful information. It is very important to represent the necessary information in to a meaningful data model suitable for application level interactions, including monitoring, tracking and application integration. Therefore a structure is needed to present plans for developing automatic student attendance monitoring system using RFID Technology. Why Automation? To save on time spent for daily roll calls. To avoid manual errors. To obtain accurate attendance means exact IN time. To avoid record search time, when we want to see any student’s attendance performance. To avoid reporting time used for preparing the attendance percentage reports at the end of the year. Finally to have professional and global look of the organization. Scope: The scope of this project is mainly based on the following things. I selected university of Wolverhampton as a case study to acquire requirements. Web-based technology is used to develop the application. Unified modelling language is used as a requirement modelling technique. Significance: The structure of the student attendance monitoring system is planned to provide strategy for developing automatic student attendance system using RFID technology. Need to know the project requirements for developing the application. Technical knowledge is required on RFID technology and software tools to develop the application. System functionality: Components used for the system RFID reader RFID tags Bluetooth connection Power supply Software on the computer Description: The students old ID cards will be replaced with RFID ID cards which means the RFID tags are embedded on the ID cards. The card looks similar to their old cards having photo, name and other details. The sufficient number of RFID readers will be installed at the entrance of each and every class room. All the RFID readers are networked to the computer via Bluetooth connection. The students enter the class room by showing their ID cards to the RFID reader from the maximum of 3cm. The RFID reader reads the card data that is RFID tag reference number and sends the data to the computer via Bluetooth connection. As soon as the card is read by the reader, the tag reference numbers will be streamed in the newly created excel sheet in the computer and waits for other card get scanned. The RFID reader reads a card within less than a second. The software application in the computer uses the data in the excel sheet for taking students attendance and maintains the data for generating reports. Summary: The RFID technology has been used by many sectors for automated tracking of objects like chain management, retailing, security and health care applications. The RFID student attendance monitoring system utilizes the existing RFID based applications technology which gives advantages to the users in the term of feasibility while recording their attendance. This application combines multiple devices which work together as a complete system. This system consists of readers, tags, user interfaces and databases to keep and manage user’s data. Designing multiple devices system is a great challenge. The developer needs to have a clear understanding of the system from different perspectives to ensure the successful of the system. Therefore this research investigates the requirements of the system and suggests a structure for it. Resources required: The following resources are required to develop the application.    Processor 1 GHz processor is recommended RAM 256 MB RAM is recommended Operating System Windows XP Service Pack 2, Windows Vista or Windows 7 is recommended IDE Eclipse Pulsar 1.3.2 Database Oracle 10g Java Tools JDK and JRE 1.6 is needed to run java files Web Server Jakarta tomcat 6.0 is necessary to host the application on the web and to test the application. Hardware Nokia 6212 NFC Mobile is used as a RFID reader and RFID tags and Server machine MS – Office 2007 MS-Excel 2007 is recommended. Literature Review: Automatic Identification and Data Capture Technology: This chapter mainly describes the introduction to automatic capture of data for the purpose of user identification. Definition of User Identification Devices (UIDS): User Identification devices are used to describe a physical object or a process that discovers the attributes of the consumer or producer and attempts to exclusively organize that entity. The main objective of the UIDs is to maintain accountability and access control. Currently the UIDs are supported by the business people because it making them more convenient, continuing efforts to make them smaller, easier to transport and maintain, and more efficient with respect to data throughput. Many of the UIDs are currently in usage they are plastic cards or badges with a picture on it, barcodes, magnetic strips, embedded microchips also known as smart cards, biometrics and passwords. The latest identification technology which is being advanced is the use of radio frequency. The radio frequency identification is a noncontact transmission method. The main objective method is to automatically capture the data for accurate identification. Firstly these UIDs need to improve the security and int egrity of UIDs. Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC): The Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) can be referred as a worldwide industry term. AIDC explains the identification and direct collection of information into a computer system, programmable logic controller (PLC) or other microprocessor-controlled device without using keyboard.   The ability of recognizing and accessing the information in secured places within the business world and without the use of keyboards has directed to the use of contact and non contact badges and cards. Smart Card Technology: In the early 1950’s the concept of plastic cards was first appeared in the USA. They introduced plastic credit cards and it was first being issued by Diners club in 1950s. Later integrated technology was developed which made it possible to integrate data memory and processing logic on to a single silicon chip. The desire for the ease of a smaller transaction tool caused the two to merge in to what is known as the â€Å"smart card†. RFID technology background: According to Ching-Hsien Hsu. et al. (2009), RFID technology is one of the most commonly used technologies for identification nowadays. It is an automatic technology which helps the machines or computers to identify, record, or control the individual target through radio waves. Typically an RFID system consists of two components namely RFID reader and RFID tag. Generally RFID reader electronics uses outside power resource to generate a signal to drive the reader’s antenna and turn into radio wave. The radio wave will be accepted by the RFID tag and reflects the energy in the way signalling its identification and other related information. In order to access the reflection from the RFID tag, the RFID reader works as a receiver on sensing and decoding the signal from the RFID tag. In simple RFID system, RFID tag is passive and powered by the energy of the reader’s signals. In some systems, the RFID reader radio frequencies instruct the memory to be read or write from the associated RFID tag. RFID Reader According to Johansson (2004), The RFID readers continuously send the interrogating radio signals in search for the responding tags. These radio signals are sent at fixed frequency bands. The tag discovers this radio energy signals and sends the tag’s serial number and any other information to the reader. In addition to reading the data from the tag, some readers can write data to the tag.   The distance from which a reader can set up a contact with a tag is called read range and the read rate can be defined as the maximum rate at which the data can be read from the tag (bits or bytes per second). The high frequency signal and the stronger powered examination signal for communication increases the range of communication. According to Simson (2005), Historical RFID readers were designed to read only a particular type of tag but multimode readers can read different type of tags and are becoming popular. Similar to tags, RFID readers come in many sizes. The largest reader consists of a desktop computer with a special card and multiple antennas connected to the card through shielded cable. These type readers in general hold a network connection, so that it could report tags that it reads to other computers. The smallest readers are of postage stamp size and are designed to embed in mobile telephones. RFID tags: According to Mark (2010), An RFID tag is sometimes referred as a transponder. It contains the identifying data of the object where it is sited on and it generates a signal containing that relevant information. There are four different types of tags available based on the power sources. They are: Passive tags Semi Passive tags Active tags Semi Active tags Passive tags: These tags usually get their power to transmit the signal from the magnetic field created by the RFID reader. These tags can transmit up to a range of 10 meters. These tags are smaller and cheaper because they don’t have batteries. Semi Passive tags: This tag consists of onboard battery which is used to power the onboard circuitry but it doesn’t produce any signal but it still uses magnetic field produced by the reader to produce a signal. These tags have a maximum transmission range of 100 meters. Active tags: This tag consists of an onboard battery which is used to communicate and send signals to the reader and power the onboard circuitry. The onboard battery allows it to transmit up to a maximum range of 1000 meters. Semi Active tags: These tags are very much similar to active tags with a small difference of they remain in sleep mode until they receive a signal from the reader. Which means the tag activates when it receives a signal from the reader. The communication between the reader and tag is possible through the radio frequencies. Tag detection: According to Bogdon (2008), Signals from the RFID readers activates the tags which are likely within their examination zone. The examination zone can be referred as the area around the reader where the tags can receive the readers signal, process it and sends back the response that can be decoded by the reader. The information that is decoded by the reader is passed to the host computing systems for processing according to the application. RFID reader-writers have the capability to send back the data to the read/write-capable tags in order to append or replace data. The RFID reader usually locates, activates, and receives transmissions from RFID tags. Readers can be fixed or portable. Fixed readers are typically attached to antenna to notice the tag within particular area. These readers usually collect the data from the products that are travelling through conveyor belt, gates and doorways etc. Portable readers can be moved to detect remote tags. In today’s market readers with wireless communication capabilities exists such as SkyeTech’s SkyeRead reader is attuned with Mica Motes and IDBlue is a handheld Bluetooth 13.56MHz reader with High Frequency is compatible with devices ranging from PDAs to PCs. Now a day’s major mobile phone manufacturers providing phones with embedded RFID readers e.g. Nokia 6131 and Nokia 6212 NFC. RFID Frequencies: According to Ali (2008), Different RFID systems drive at a variety of radio frequencies. Each range of frequencies offers its own power requirements, operating range and performance. Each of the ranges may have different restrictions that limit based on the applications they can be used for. The detection range may vary from few centimetres to 100 meters. RFID systems are currently operating in the Low frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), Ultrahigh Frequency (UHF) and Super High Frequency bands. RFID operation frequency ranges and related applications shown in the below table: Frequency Range Description Typical Applications 135 KHz Low Frequency, Inductive Coupling Access Control OEM applications 13.56 MHz High Frequency, Inductive Coupling Access Control and Library Books 868    870 MHz902 – 928 MHz Ultra High Frequencies (UHF), Backscatter coupling Supply chain tracking 2.40 t – 2.483 GHz SHF, Backscatter coupling Asset tracking Highway toll tags Vehicle tracking Elements of an RFID System: Basically RFID system consists of four elements: RFID Readers RFID tags Antennas and radio characteristics Computer network (if any) which is used to connect the readers Antennas and Radio: The physical layer of the RFID system comprises of antennas and radios used to connect the reader to the tag which allows the devices to share the information. The RFID tag antenna is the conductive element that allows the tag to send and receive data. In order to form a magnetic field, the passive, low (135 KHz) and high frequency (13.56 MHz) tags consists of a coiled antenna that couples with the coiled antenna of the reader. UHF antennas come in different shapes. Readers consist of antennas which releases radio waves. The Radio Frequency energy from the reader antenna is harvested by the antenna and this energy is used to power up the microchip, which leads to change the electrical load on the antenna to reflect back its own signal. rfidjournal.com/glossary/antenna   Near Field Communication: According to Raine (2009), Near Field Communication (NFC) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) terms are often confusing as the RFID acronym holds multiple standards. NFC and RFID are used inaccurately as transferable terms. This means that the RFID readers might be able read the RFID tags which are implemented with the same standard. Near Field Communication (NFC) technology is used for remote identification and data transfer at reading ranges up to a few centimetres. It means it reads the tags which are close in range. NFC can be considered as a division of more common RFID technology. NFC operates in different communication modes when compared to traditional RFID reader/RFID tag combination. It is more likely for the two NFC devices communicate each other and NFC devices are also capable to imitating definite RFID smart cards. The emulation mode enables the NFC devices to use the existing reader infrastructure. NFC is complaint with some smart card ISO (International Organiza tion for Standardization) standards: ISO 14443A, 14443B, and 15693 along with Sony’s FeliCa Standards and MiFare. NFC was initiated from a joint project of Philips and Sony for developing a short range communication technology in 2002 and it resulted as a Ecma Standard (ECMA 340) and later it was a accepted as ISO Standard 18092 in 2003. Nokia, Philips and Sony founded the NFC forums and been promoting the NFC technology. According to Raine (2009), Basically NFC operates in three different modes. The first operational mode is read/write mode. In this mode, the NFC device reads/writes data to or from an NFC complaint tag and in read/write mode the NFC device acts as an initiator and the tag acts as a target. In this mode it transfers the data at a maximum rate of 106 kilo bits per second. The second operation mode is peer to peer mode. In this mode it allows the two NFC devices to interact to each other and the maximum data transfer rate is 424 kilo bits per second. The third operational mode is emulation mode which allows the NFC device to emulate as a smart card. In this mode the built-in smart card chip is integrated in the NFC device and connected to the NFC antenna. Technical capabilities of Mobile interaction with NFC: According to Khoovirajsingh (2009), in these days mobile phones are increasingly used for storing pictures, videos, documents and Personal Information Management (PIM) data. In addition to this there is often need to copy these files from mobile phone to a computer or vice versa. In this process the user first need to find file, then need to select the method for transferring file (e.g. Bluetooth), after wards the user need to perform the device discovery process, then select the target device. After having the file on the other device, the user has to decide what to do with it. This will be an awkward process to the user. In order to avoid this process. Some of the basic interaction techniques are available to make things simple. According to Gregor (2011), Dynamic NFC-displays can be used for a wide range of applications at private e.g. home, semi-public e.g. pubs and public places like stations and shopping malls etc., including information retrieval, interactive advertisements, maps or games. NFC enabled mobile phones provide interaction with the diverse content of dynamic NFC-displays, including pictures, texts, links, maps and custom widgets. The design, implementation and performance of interaction techniques for dynamic NFC-displays rely on the technical capabilities of reading devices, tags and physical UIs. Basically NFC displays depends on the size of the tags, target items and mobile devices. Some of the NFC enabled mobile phones are available in the market e.g. the Nokia 6212 NFC classic. This mobile can read only tag a time and cannot identify multiple tags as they block during the interaction with one or several items. NFC enabled devices need a considerable amount of time to read a tag say abou t 0.5 seconds and tag should be placed very nearer to the device. These types of issues are seen in the currently available devices like Nokia 6212 mobile. Basic interaction techniques: These types of techniques can be used for simple interactions like the selection of items, triggering actions or activating links. Touch-select: This is the most basic interaction technique. In this technique the users touch a tag with a mobile phone and take out from it after the tag has been recognized. This tiny interaction can be varied through the combination with input from keyboard, joysticks or sensors. Click-select: This technical can also be referred as touch-select method. This method is pursued by pressing the pressing dedicated key on the mobile device to confirm the selection of the tag. Touch and Hold: This technique needs users to touch a tag for a certain amount of time which is longer than the normal touch-select e.g. 2 seconds. Double-touch: In this technique users have to touch the tag twice in a row. Contactless Cards (tags) Mifare 1k or 4k: According to NXP, (2007), The read/write mode of NFC needs two devices to communicate, one is NFC reader/writer and the other one is NFC tag. The NFC technology permits to access standard ISO 14443A card products as the Mifare family. In the NFC forum, the specification to store data for any kind of service or application is currently specified and it is known as NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF). In order to store NDEF formatted data which is also called as NDEF data or NFC forum data inside a contactless tag product a mapping model is required. The Mifare 1k/4k tag product is a contactless card presently available in market with 1k byte and 4k byte of EEPROM memory. The Mifare standard 1k/4k supports mutual three pass authentication, file data transfer up to 106 kbit/s, data encryption of RF-channel with replay attack protection and CRYPTO1 stream cipher for secure data exchange. Mifare 1k tag: A Mifare 1k tag is able to store up to 1024 bytes of information. These 1024 bytes are organized as 16 different sectors numbered as Sector 00, Sector 01..Sector 0E and Sector 0F. Each sector comprises 16 bytes of data blocks named as blocks and numbered as Block 0, Block 1, Block 2 and Block 3. Block 0 of the Sector 00 contains IC manufacturer’s data. In every sector Block 3 is called as trailer and is used for sector authentication serving the security purposes. The first six bits of the authentication block are known as Code A, the next four bits are known as access bits and finally the last six bits are known as Code B. Code A and Code B are typically password keys which can be programmed for reading and writing protection. Fig: Mifare 1k Mifare 4k: The memory area of Mifare 4k is organized in numbered sectors from 0 to 39. It can store 4096 bytes of information. The organization of the first 32 sectors follows the similar structure of blocks and sectors of Mifare 1k. The last eight sectors are quadrupled in capacity. Depending on the settings of the access bits the reader device has to carry out an authentication with key A or key B to read or write the sector. Nokia 6212 NFC Classic Mobile in focus: According to Nokia Corporation (2008), The device which i focussed of this paper is Nokia 6212 NFC classic. This device comes with an RFID module which functions as RFID tag and reader operating at 13.56 MHz. It also supports features like read write, card emulation and peer to peer communication. According to product specification, the Nokia 6212 NFC device is capable of Tag reading and writing as native NFC functionality. Contactless communication API (JSR-257) with extensions for java applications on the phone. It gives support for all NFC Forum defined tags. This phone is compatible with non-battery powered tags (passive tags) which are: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MIFARE (Standard, Standard 4K, Ultralight and DESFire) b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sony FeliCa (non-secure) c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Innovision (Jewel read only and Topaz) d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ISO 14443-4 complaint tags or cards. Compatible with ISO/Global platform smart card for service providers to install application specific data e.g. payment and ticketing applications. Compatible with existing contactless reader infrastructure (payment and ticketing). The main features of Nokia 6212 NFC include different connectivity options like Bluetooth, GPRS, USB and NFC with read, write and sharing capabilities. Graphic display with 2† QVGA 240 x 320 display supporting up to 16 million colours and contains user storage of 22 MB and microSD format for removable flash cards. Fig: Nokia 6212 NFC Mobile Nokia 6212 provides some settings to configure NFC functionality. NFC detection: To switch NFC on or off we need to select Menu NFC NFC settings. To use NFC switch on the mobile and activate the NFC setting, if disabled. With the phone touch the service tag or other NFC device with in the discovery area. Typically the reading range is 0-3 centimetres. When a tag or device is discovered the corresponding information is displayed on the mobile. Share to device: Select Menu NFC Share to device and select the required option. When the sharing is enabled you can send a bookmark, business card, call request, alarm alert calendar note, gallery item, profile, radio station, note, or to-do note. Service tags: A service tag may hold a shortcut such as URL of an internet based service, business card, SMS based service and phone number of a telephone service. Share or read service tags: Select Menu NFC Share to tag. Scroll to select desired option. Select share and touch a service tag. In order to read a service tag, need to touch a tag with the phone. Touch a service tag with your device to allow video streaming or Bluetooth connection or receive a business card, SMS message, call request, bookmark, calendar note etc. NFC received items or card applications can be accessed by selecting Menu NFC Inbox or Cards. The device memory restricts the amount of tag data that can be stored. In order to free up memory space delete the received files from the NFC Inbox. We can share the same information repeatedly to different service tags. Bluetooth: According to Cynthia et.al. (2007), Bluetooth is a Personal Area Networking standard based on short range radio. Devices like phones, printers, modems and headsets use Bluetooth technology to communicate between themselves. Bluetooth technology is mainly useful for communication when two or more devices are in close proximity and need reserved bandwidth. A Bluetooth device either acts as a â€Å"master† or â€Å"slave†. At most a master can communicate with seven slave devices, and a Bluetooth consisting of one master and it slaves is called a piconet. The master acts as a controller to control all the timings of all Bluetooth connections on piconet. Bluetooth pairing can be defined as a process of adding new slave device to the Bluetooth piconet. Bluetooth simple paring is a set of security improvements to the Bluetooth pairing mechanism. The target of the Bluetooth simple pairing is to set up authentication credentials between the Bluetooth master and the slave device s. Bluetooth simple pairing encourages four different pairing models.   Those are: Numeric comparison Just Works Out of Band and Passkey Entry Numeric Comparison Method: The Numeric Comparison model is proposed when both the devices are able to display a six digit number and both provide â€Å"Yes† and â€Å"No† buttons. Numeric Comparison For example, A PDA can use the pairing scheme with a PC.   During the process of pairing, each of the devices displays a six digit number matched from the pairing protocol. The user of each device is believed to compare the two numbers and select â€Å"Yes† if they match and â€Å"No† if they mismatch. The numeric comparison is executed over Bluetooth, which is in the in-band channel in the standard model for authentication. Just Works Method: The Just Works model is proposed when at least one of the devices has no display or â€Å"Yes/No† buttons.   This model is commonly used when pairing a Bluetooth headset with a cell phone. This method is similar to numeric comparison model but it does not display the six digits for comparison it uses numeric comparison internally. Even if one of the device displays numbers it won’t be compared on the putatively paired device because the Just Works model lacks any out-of-band channel required by the standard model. This model does not provide security against active attack. Out of Band Method: The â€Å"Out-of-Band† method is used when an alternate communication medium exits on both the devices, such as Near Field Communication (NFC). The alternate communication medium transfers a key between the proposed devices and functions as the Out-of-Band channel in the standard model. Passkey Entry Method: The Passkey Entry method is proposed when one of the devices has a display and the other device should have a key pad. The device which has got display randomly generates a six-digit number and the user enters this number on the other device using keypad. Like the numeric comparison an attacker can negotiate the six digit pass key with a probability of at least 2-20. The protocol which divides the passkey in to 20 bits and unveils one bit over 20 rounds of exchange. Each bit of the passkey can be computed by an eavesdropper after it has been sent. A passkey can be used securely only once. Pass key Entry    Why attendance should be taken? According to Melchiorre, et. al. (2003), To verify the accuracy of attendance records, the research team visited Southwest Community Center three times on different days of the week at different times. During their visits the research team conducted random head checks, looked at the attendance and registration records. They discovered the flow of passage throughout the Southwest Community Center. During the head checks, the number accounted on the attendance sheet was compared with the number of members present. While these attendance sheets do not contain time in and time out and the head checks could not show whether the attendance recorded correctly or not. This results inaccurate attendance. Finally we could not know how many persons were present during the entire hours of operation. Problems with the attendance can be recognized as unclear understandings of job responsibilities. According to Mary. (2005), A small California startup called InCom has developed a radio frequency identification (RFID) system called Inclass which is used automate student attendance in elementary and secondary schools. This system uses ultra-high frequency (UHF) readers which are mounted at the entrance of the class rooms and passive RFID tags are embedded to student ID cards. This InClass system was tested at Brittan Elementary School in Sutter, but the use of RFID in schools was protested by the parents of Brittan students. The Brittan school administrators were interested in the product in part because California bases school assist upon attendance numbers. The InClass product working scenario: Each of the students ID card comprises of unique 15 digit ID number written to each tag and associated with name of the student. When the student pass through the reader interrogation area at the class room entrance, the reader immediately sends the tags unique ID numbers to a central server. Software program was developed by the InCom and it is installed on the server where it collects the tag data and uploads a list of present, absent and tardy (based on when they enter the classroom) students to the PDA which is issued to the teachers. The upload can be done wirelessly over an 802.11b Wi-Fi protocol. Now the teacher would perform a visual check on the InClass generated attendance list by examining the class quickly to compatible what the list says with class room present number. Once the attendance was confirmed, the list is sent to the school administrators via PDA. School administrators need to file attendance records to the board of educati on. Later school administration tested the InClass product to see whether it could decrease the amount of time taken by the teachers to take attendance manually. Contactless communication API:  Ã‚   According to Enrique (2008), the contactless communication API java specification specifies a set of proximity, contactless-based communication. These specifications are defined under the java community process as JSR-257 and led by Nokia.    JSR 257 Packages: Out of all these packages mainly we use javax.microedition.contactless API. The contactless communication API permits us to Discover and Exchange data with contactless targets such as NDEF tags, RFID tags, and external smart cards. This API also provides support for visual tags. The following diagram demonstrates the relationships between the different API classes and interfaces. Fig: Contactless Communication API Relationships Source: http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/javame/nfc/ Applications using Contactless Communication API usually follow the flow demonstrated below. Fig: Typical flow of a Contactless Communication Application    Each of the steps are explained below. The first step is basically for the application to query the implementation to discover the supported targets by the device. Here the application registers a target listener to receive activity notifications for each of the supported targets. On the other hand the application registers with the PushRegistry for the activation due to target activity. The supported target activities are NDEF and secure element in card emulation method activities. When the targets come in to proximity they are discovered by the implementation, which notifies the application by invoking the right activity listeners. On the other hand PushRegistry activates the MIDlet. The application can learn the target properties for each of the discovered target. The application can be connected to read, write, exchange data with the discovered agent. When the job is done the application releases the resources. Design This phase will produce outline of the system architecture and the prototype of the application that will satisfy all requirement analysis. In this stage all the necessary input, user interface and process will be identified. This phase also determines the application architecture which will show how to transform the logical design in to basic system coding to generate the first prototype of the system. The result of this phase is application interface and system design specification. This research proposed an outline for student’s attendance monitoring system using RFID technology. Implementing this kind of system will maximize lecture time and provide convenience to them. This application uses Nokia 6212 NFC mobile as a RFID reader and are placed at the entrance of the classroom. The MIFare RFID tags are attached to the student ID cards. A unique ID number is written to the tag. When the student scans the ID card through the reader range at the classroom, the reader sends the tags unique ID numbers to the computer via Bluetooth. Description: A framework includes the hardware of the system, and describes how it works. However, the reader must be placed at the entrance of the classroom to read the student ID cards (Tags) of every student who attends classes. This proposed research mainly contains four components which are discussed below. The reader: RFID reader is responsible for communicating with the tag and it uses radio waves to retrieve data from the tag. The tag: RFID tag is an integrated circuit which is embedded on the student ID cards. This research proposes to use passive tag, which does not need any battery. This type of tags gets it power from the reader. Software Development process: This software application uses Contactless Communication API (JSR-257) which comes with Software Development Kit for Nokia 6212 NFC mobile phones. Nokia 6212 NFC SDK allows the users to develop Java applications (MIDlets) for Nokia 6212 NFC mobile phones. The contactless communication API mainly gives access to many contactless cards and communicates with them. Some of the use cases of Contactless Communication are calling a taxi by touching tag given by the taxi company and linking to a web page by touching a smart poster. In order to discover and communicate contactless targets, the applications should use classes and interfaces of this API. The contactless cards which pass through in the radius of NFC device can be recognized by any instance of DiscoveryManger class to receive notification. Then the device can set up a target particular connection defined in the subpackages with the detected target. The link required to open connection to the target device is given in the TargetPr operties parameter. For example, for an external smart card it can be ISO14443Connection.   Access and modification of data is provided by the methods of this connection. The data exchange format (NDEF) allows communication between an NFC device and another NFC device or with a tag which is defined in the NFC forum. Any device that supports NDEF data formatting is capable to communicate by using APDU (Application Protocol Data Unit) commands given by the Contactless Communication API. Record Type Definitions (RTD) which is supported by the NDEF defines the rules and formats for creating standard record types to be used by NFC Forum application definitions and offers users to create fully compatible applications. The four specific RTDs defined by NFC Forum are: NFC Text RTD: In this method by using NDEF format and RTD mechanism which allows storing text strings in multiple languages. An example of using this specification is integrated in the Smart Poster RTD. NFC URI RTD: Like the above method this technique also uses NDEF format and RTD mechanism to Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI). An example of using this specification is included in the Smart Poster RTD. NFC Smart Poster RTD: This method allows SMSs, URLs, phone numbers on an NFC tag, or to transport them between the devices. The Smart Poster RTD establishes on the RTD mechanism and NDEF format and uses the URI RTD and Text RTD as building blocks.    NFC Generic Control RTD: This method offers a simple way to request a specification to an NFC device (destination device) from another NFC device, tag or card (source device) trough NFC communication. The class diagram that shows the relationships of Contactless Communication API. Application Development: Programming Languages and Software Tools: Development Environment: Microsoft Windows XP (SP2) Eclipse pulsar 1.3.2 JDK 1.6 Nokia 6212 NFC mobile phone Mifare 1k or 4k tags Nokia connectivity frame work 1.2 Nokia 6212 NFC SDK 1.0 Apache Tomcat Server 6.0 Developing Application Tools: Java: According to Gosling, et. al. (2005), Java is a high-level object-oriented language produced by Sun Microsystems. Java is operating system independent since it uses Java Virtual Machine to interpret and execute the previously compiled code in different environments producing the same output. I have chosen Java technology as programming language to carry out this project. I have chosen Java technology as programming language to carry out this project. During this project i have used Java Standard Edition Development Kit 6 (JDK 1.6), the Java Standard Edition Runtime Environment (JRE 1.6) and Java Micro Edition with the Software Development Kit 3.6 (Java ME SDK 3.6) which also includes Java Wireless Toolkit 2.5.2.       J2ME:    According to Shenbagaraj, (2011), J2ME is called as Java to Micro Edition. It is an advance technology in java, developed with the help of Java Community Process Program. J2ME is specifically designed to operate within the limited resources available in the embedded computers and microcomputers and it is a low version of Java API and Java Virtual Machine. The J2ME mainly targeted the developers of small computing devices and intelligent wireless devices who want to incorporate cross-platform functionality in their products. The main advantage of using J2ME is compatible with all java enabled devices. The java enabled devices are Nokia, Motorola and Panasonic. J2ME application acts as a balanced application between local and server-side processing.    MIDlet:    According to Shenbagaraj, (2011), A MIDlet is a J2ME application which operates on an MIDP. A MIDlet can be defined with at least a single class that is derived from javax.microedition.midlet.MIDlet abstract class. A MIDlet can be called as a event-based application. All the routines that are executed in the MIDlet are initiated in response to an event reported to the MIDlet by the application manger. The application manger invokes startApp() method when the MIDlet is started. The startApp() method in a MIDlet contains a statement holds a statement that displays a screen of information and informs the user to enter a selection from the list of the list of options provided. A Command object is used to inform the user with a selection of options to opt from when the screen is displayed. Each screen should have a CommandListener. A CommandListener follows the user events with a screen and makes the right code to execute on the current event. Java Libraries: According to Sun. (2006), A java library can be referred as a set of resources required by a project. Typically a library contains one or more JAR files containing compiled classes, the source file required to debug the classes, and java documentation for the classes. A project can reference one or more libraries for the purpose of compiling java files or additional JAR files in the deployed application. In IDE the Library Manager allows you edit and create libraries. I have used few libraries which are downloaded from internet and added to the code to fulfil the requirements of the application. These libraries or APIs that communicate with some of the specific elements or implementations that have been used during the project development. They are BlueCove (JSR-82): According to BlueCove, (2008), BlueCove is a Java library for Bluetooth (JSR-82 implementation). This library currently interfaces with the WIDCOMM, BlueSoleil and Microsoft Bluetooth stack found in Windows XP SP2 or Windows Vista and WIDCOMM and Microsoft Bluetooth stack on Windows Mobile. BlueCove offers JSR-82 java interface for the following profiles: SDAP Service Discovery Application Profile RFCOMM Serial Cable Emulation Protocol L2CAP Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol OBEX Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP) profile on top of RFCOMM and TCP UploadBean: This API simply reads and stores the uploaded files sent the browser. It is a technical component that can be integrated in any Java/JSP/Servlets application.    Servlet:    According to Stephanie. (2002), A servlet is a java programming class which is used to extend the facilities of servers that hosts applications accessed through request-response programming tool. The servlets give response to any type of request and these are normally used to extend the applications hosted by the web servers. Java servlet technology usually defines HTTP specific servlet classes.    JSP:    According to Stephanie. (2002), Java Server Pages (JSP) technology is used to create web content that has both static and dynamic components. JSP technology provides a normal approach to create static content. JSP presents all the dynamic capabilities of Java Servlet. The main advantages of JSP technology are: A language for developing JSP pages, which are text based documents that illustrate how to process a request and construct a response. Techniques for defining extensions to the JSP language. Constructs for accessing server side objects. Developing platform: Eclipse: According to Bob, (2008). Eclipse is a software development platform developed in java and mainly used to develop java applications. It provides an IDE and a complete set of plug-ins. In eclipse except the eclipse kernel, everything is treated as a plug-in. This plug-ins expand the application features and permits the developers to program in different languages like C, C++, and COBOL etc. This also includes management of databases, extending network capabilities, creating web services etc by using eclipse’s interface. In total the Eclipse Plug-in central has gathered more than 1200 different plug-ins for eclipse, some of them are developed by third parties and released to the community. In this project, I have used EclipseME plug-in which helped in developing J2ME Midlets and Suite projects, supports J2ME emulators and offers JAD editor as well as connecting to the already installed wireless toolkits. Apache Tomcat Server: Apache Tomcat Server is free open-source software from Apache Software Foundation (ASF). It can be defined as a container where java Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP) files are placed and afterwards invoked. In this project i have used Tomcat 6.0 version and made use of configurations. Management Console: The management console offers a web interface where the parameters of the developed application can be configured. It consists of JavaServer pages, which are hosted in the Tomcat server.   The web interface comprises of four different tabs through which the user can be capable to establish the parameters’ values. Nokia PC Suite: Nokia PC Suite is a group of applications that permit connecting Nokia mobile phones to computers. Basically it is used to transfer pictures, music or applications. This application is used in the project in order to send the developed Midlets to the NFC-enabled phones through Bluetooth. References: Ching, H.- H., Shih, C.-C., Chia, H.-Y., Jong, H. –P. (2009)  Ã‚   Alleviating reader collision problem in mobile RFID networks. Proceedings at Springer-Verlag London Limited, pp.489-497. Johansson, B.(2004) An Introduction to RFID – Information Security and Privacy Concerns, TDDC03 Projects. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.111.5602rep=rep1type=pdf Simson. G, and Henry, H.(2005) UNDERSTANDING RFID TECHNOLOGY. garfinkel.book, 15-36. [Online] [Assessed on 2nd June 2005] Available from: http://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/0321290968/samplechapter/garfinkel_ch02.pdf Raine. K, Tommi. K, and Jouni I.(2009) Remote Identification and Information Processing with a Near Field Communication Compatible Mobile Phone. 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